Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Practice Exam

Which of the following describes the condition of Hyponatremia?

1. High sodium levels

2. Normal sodium levels

3. Low sodium levels

4. Fluctuating sodium levels

The correct answer is: Low sodium levels

Hyponatremia is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance, blood pressure, and overall cellular function. When sodium levels fall below the normal range, which is typically between 135-145 mEq/L, it can lead to various physiological disturbances and symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or in severe cases, coma. In the context of this condition, it's important to recognize that the body relies on sodium for critical roles, including regulating blood volume and pressure. When sodium levels drop, the osmotic balance is disrupted, which can cause water to move into cells, leading to cellular swelling. This is especially dangerous in the central nervous system where swelling can lead to increased intracranial pressure. Normal sodium levels would indicate that there is no deficiency, and high sodium levels would suggest hypernatremia, which has its own complications. Fluctuating sodium levels could suggest an unstable condition but do not define the specific state of hyponatremia, which is solely associated with consistently low sodium concentrations. Thus, identifying hyponatremia correctly recognizes its clinical implications and assists in guiding appropriate management strategies in neonatal and pediatric care.