Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Practice Exam

Which condition is characterized by reduced subcutaneous fat in a neonate?

1. Asphyxia

2. Intrauterine growth restriction

3. Hyperbilirubinemia

4. Neonatal jaundice

The correct answer is: Intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition where the growth of the fetus is impaired, leading to a baby who is smaller than expected for their gestational age. This growth restriction can result from a variety of factors, including maternal health issues, placental insufficiency, or congenital abnormalities. One of the key physical characteristics of IUGR neonates is reduced subcutaneous fat, which can cause them to present as thin or frail at birth. This lack of body fat is often indicative of inadequate nutrition or oxygenation during the gestational period. In contrast, conditions like asphyxia may affect the overall condition and health of the neonate but do not inherently involve reduced subcutaneous fat as a defining feature. Hyperbilirubinemia and neonatal jaundice relate to elevated bilirubin levels and are primarily concerned with the breakdown of red blood cells and liver function, rather than the physical characteristics such as fat distribution. Therefore, understanding the specific characteristics of fetal growth dynamics and metabolic health is crucial for identifying IUGR correctly.