Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Practice Exam

What is the most common cause of labored breathing in a resuscitated neonate?

1. Meconium aspiration

2. Pneumonia

3. Congenital heart defect

4. Respiratory distress syndrome

The correct answer is: Meconium aspiration

Meconium aspiration is indeed a prevalent cause of labored breathing in resuscitated neonates, particularly in those who are born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid. When a newborn inhales a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid during or just after delivery, it can lead to a condition known as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). This can severely compromise the infant's ability to breathe effectively by causing airway obstruction, inflammation, and impaired gas exchange in the lungs. The presence of meconium in the airways can cause significant respiratory distress, characterized by labored breathing, cyanosis, and decreased oxygen saturation. Prompt identification and intervention are critical for management, which may include suctioning the airways and providing supportive oxygen therapy. In the context of neonatal resuscitation, the pressing need to address breathing issues quickly after birth underlines the importance of recognizing the risk factors associated with meconium aspiration. Other potential causes of labored breathing, such as pneumonia, congenital heart defects, and respiratory distress syndrome, may occur but are less frequently the primary reason for immediate respiratory compromise than meconium aspiration in a resuscitated neonate who has been exposed to meconium.