Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Practice Exam

In cases of disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in neonates, which factor is most associated with increased mortality?

1. Cutaenous lesions

2. Encephalitis

3. Pneumonitis

4. Sepsis

The correct answer is: Pneumonitis

Disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates is a critical condition that requires swift and effective management. Among the potential complications from this infection, the presence of pneumonitis is particularly concerning, and it's recognized as a significant factor associated with increased mortality. Pneumonitis due to HSV can lead to severe respiratory distress and compromised oxygenation, making it a life-threatening complication. In neonates, the immune system is still developing, and the added stress of a respiratory illness can overwhelm their capacity to cope, leading to critical outcomes. Pneumonitis may also result in widespread infection throughout the body, further complicating treatment and increasing the risk of multi-organ failure. In contrast, while encephalitis, cutaneous lesions, and sepsis are serious complications, they often present with different morbidity and mortality profiles. Encephalitis can lead to neurologic deficits but may not be as immediate in terms of respiratory impact. Cutaneous lesions can indicate localized infection, and while they require treatment, their presence alone does not typically correlate with the same level of mortality risk as pneumonitis does. Sepsis, although a severe condition, has multifactorial causes and is managed with broader interventions beyond the viral infection. Thus